Understanding Knee Osteoarthritis
What patients commonly notice
Loss of cartilage can cause pain, stiffness, swelling, deformity and reduced walking tolerance. The exact pattern and severity can vary, so a clinical assessment is important before deciding on treatment.
Common symptoms
- Pain with walking, stairs or standing from a chair
- Stiffness, swelling or reduced movement
- Grinding, deformity or a sense that the knee may give way
Causes and risk factors
There may be more than one contributing factor. Common possibilities include:
- Age-related cartilage wear
- Previous injury, meniscal loss or ligament damage
- Joint alignment, weight and genetic factors
How is knee osteoarthritis assessed?
Assessment usually includes the pattern of pain or instability, examination of movement, swelling, alignment and ligament stability, and appropriate imaging. The findings are interpreted alongside your activity level and goals.
Treatment options
Treatment is matched to the diagnosis, symptom severity, general health and the activities you need to return to. Options may include:
- Exercise, strength, weight optimisation and symptom control
- Selected injections and walking aids where appropriate
- Partial or total knee replacement for advanced limiting arthritis
Surgery is not automatically the first step. When it is considered, the likely benefit, alternatives and recovery requirements should be discussed clearly.
Common questions
Is walking and exercise safe when my knee has arthritis?
Yes, in most cases. Regular low-impact exercise and strengthening can improve pain and function. The dose should be adjusted if swelling or pain remains clearly worse after activity.
Do knee injections rebuild worn cartilage?
No injection has been proven to regrow established widespread cartilage loss. Some injections may provide temporary symptom relief, allowing easier movement and rehabilitation, but their benefits vary.
When should knee replacement be considered?
It may be appropriate when pain, stiffness, deformity or loss of mobility substantially limits daily life despite reasonable nonsurgical care. Symptoms, examination, health and X-rays are considered together.
This page provides general patient information and does not replace a consultation or personalised medical advice.